Upon completion, Thiruvalluvar took the work (Thirukkural) to Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India) as per the prevailing practice of reading out new compositions in a public forum where critics and scholars would be present. Graul might have subsumed the Jains also under the name of the Buddhists (Graul 1865: xi note).
In this connection it was then of particular interest that Thiruvalluvar, the author of the Tirukkural was identified as a Paraiyar in Tamil tradition (as, incidentally, were also other famous ancient Tamil writers, e.g., Auvaiyar cf. Karl Graul (1814–1864) had already by 1855 characterized the Tirukkural as a work of Buddhist hue. Pope who had spent many years in Tamil Nadu and translated many Tamil texts into English, which includes Thirukkural, have recognised Thiruvalluvar as a Paraiyar. Most of the Researchers and great Tamil Scholars like George Uglow Pope or G.U. It is has been translated to various other languages. For example, Thirukkural is a cir formed by combining the two words Thiru and Kural, i.e. A cir is a single or a combination of more than one Tamil word. A couplet consists of seven cirs, with four cirs on the first line and three on the second. The 1330 couplets are arranged into 3 main sections and 133 chapters. Thirukkural comes under one of the four categories of Venpas (Tamil verses) called Kural Venpa. According to the LIFCO Tamil-Tamil-English dictionary, the Tamil word Kural means Venpa verse with two lines. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from ploughing a piece of land to ruling a country. Thirukkural (or the Kural) is a collection of 1330 Tamil couplets organised into 133 chapters. Holy Kural - Thirukkural in Tamil with English Translations by Thiruvalluvar
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